2005. Contemporary ledger art originates from a form of traditional Plains Indian art originally executed on buffalo products such as shields, robes, clothes, and tipis. Drawings on these items would depict battle exploits, acts of heroism, and individual acts of bravery. These images were important to Native Americans for they recorded historical events and displayed the warriors position in the tribe. However, due to Anglo-American hunters and settlers, the 19th century saw a major decrease in bison products; consequently, painting on hides gave way to paper and canvas. Furthermore, as new mediums such as pencils, markers, and paints became available these materials allowed native artists to innovate with more detailed creations. Modern ledger drawings continue the tradition of representing Native American ways of life, but mix traditional themes with those of life on the reservation. Michael Horse's contemporary ledger paintings are done on original Western ephemera such as land documents & maps, overlaying depictions of Native American history. It is a fascinating interpretation of the social and cultural problems associated with Plains Indians' assimilation.

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